Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures:
Controlled synthesis and directed assembly
Melechko, A. V., V. I. Merkulov, T. E. McKnight, M. A. Guillorn,
K. L. Klein, D. H. Lowndes, and M. L. Simpson
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of materials
by methods that permit their assembly
into functional nanoscale structures lies at the
crux of the
emerging field of nanotechnology. Although only one
of several materials families is of
interest, carbon-based nanostructured materials
continue to attract a disproportionate
share of research effort, in part because of
their wide-ranging properties. Additionally,
developments of the past decade in the
controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes and
nanofibers have opened additional
possibilities for their use as functional elements
in numerous applications. Vertically
aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are a subclass of
carbon nanostructured materials that can be
produced with a high degree of control
using catalytic plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor
deposition (C-PECVD). Using C-PECVD the
location, diameter, length, shape, chemical
composition, and orientation can be
controlled during VACNF synthesis. Here we review
the CVD and PECVD systems, growth control
mechanisms, catalyst preparation, resultant
carbon nanostructures, and VACNF properties.
This is followed by a review of many of
the application areas for carbon nanotubes
and nanofibers including electron
field-emission sources, electrochemical probes,
functionalized sensor elements, scanning
probe microscopy tips, nanoelectromechanical systems
(NEMS), hydrogen and charge storage, and
catalyst support. We end by noting gaps
in the understanding of VACNF growth mechanisms and
the challenges remaining in the
development of methods for an even more
comprehensive control of the carbon nanofiber
synthesis process. ©2005 American Institute of
Physics
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